Disclaimer: This tool provides a simplified, illustrative estimate of the relative increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk associated with smoking, compared to a non-smoker. The calculation is based on general population trends and reflects the non-linear impact of cigarette quantity (steeper risk increase at lower numbers) and the cumulative effect of smoking duration, as suggested by general research findings.[1, 2, 3]

This tool DOES NOT provide a medical diagnosis, absolute risk prediction, or personalized health advice.

CVD risk is multifactorial and depends on many factors not included in this tool, such as: genetics, age, sex, ethnicity, blood pressure, cholesterol levels (LDL, HDL, non-HDL, Lp(a)), triglycerides, diabetes status, body mass index (BMI), diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, kidney function, family history, socioeconomic status, and other medical conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, severe mental illness).

The risk calculation does not replicate complex epidemiological models like QRISK3 or Framingham Risk Score.[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Consult a healthcare professional for a comprehensive assessment of your individual CVD risk and personalized medical advice.